{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/j96057dr8j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Memories of Migration Episode 1: Origins"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/010/original/Aviary_QPLlogo_192x192.png?1578574261","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2019-06-06 (released)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Natalie Milbrodt (Host)","Maria Fortino (Interviewee)","Thara Madathody (Interviewee)","Tony O'Reilly (Interviewee)","Mary Twomey (Interviewee)","Jagir Bains (Interviewee)","Joey Tabaco (Interviewee)","Stephanie Fortinoi-Gonzalez (Interviewer)","Pat McCluskey (Interviewer)","Eileen Sprague (Interviewer)","Carolyn Brown (Interviewer)","Adriene Lara (Producer)","Elias Ravin (Composer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eWe’re thrilled to premiere the Queens Memory Podcast, a selection of personal histories from the borough of Queens in New York City. Our first season collects stories of migration, with our first episode on origins: where our stories come from, and how they begin.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFROM THE ARCHIVES: Storytellers whose oral histories we feature in this episode, with links to full interviews and timecode outlines\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org/vital/access/manager/Repository/aql:22057\"\u003eMaria Fortino\u003c/a\u003e, interviewed by Stephanie Fortino-Gonzalez (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"../../../r/kd1qf8jr5s\"\u003eThara Madathody\u003c/a\u003e, interviewed by Nusaiba Ally (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eTony O’Reilly, interviewed by Pat McCluskey and Eileen Sprague as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.qcirishstudies.org/new-page\"\u003eIrish in Queens Oral History Project\u003c/a\u003e (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMary Twomey, interviewed by Eileen Sprague in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.qcirishstudies.org/new-page\"\u003eIrish in Queens Oral History Project\u003c/a\u003e (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJagir Bains, interviewed by Carolyn Brown (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"../../../r/707wm13v23\"\u003eJoey Tabaco\u003c/a\u003e, interviewed by Claro de los Reyes and Jennifer Quiambao in the My Baryo, My Borough (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIN THE STACKS: References available through the Queens Public Library\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eResearch for this episode comes from the Queens Public Library stacks and databases, along with various online sources and Wikipedia articles.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOur learning about the Irish Civil War came from \u003ca href=\"http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A133705220/AONE?u=nysl_me_queensb\u0026amp;sid=AONE\u0026amp;xid=cd7dca40\"\u003ethis article\u003c/a\u003e written by Jim Smyth. In this episode’s clips, Mary Twomey also mentions Cork, where her father-in-law lived and fled from in response to growing threats of violence during the Irish Civil War era. Read a poem from Michael O’Maille \u003ca href=\"http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A190789200/AONE?u=nysl_me_queensb\u0026amp;sid=AONE\u0026amp;xid=90ff5ff1\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e, who grew up in Cork during the time and reflects on later returning. We also learned about how colonialism and war in Ireland connects to British empire in multiple places, with a focus on 1930s Palestine and Kenya, through \u003ca href=\"http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A557578635/AONE?u=nysl_me_queensb\u0026amp;sid=AONE\u0026amp;xid=a72f21a6\"\u003ethis article\u003c/a\u003e by Caroline Elkins.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFor reading recommendations, podcast producer Adriene Lara is currently reading \u003ca href=\"https://www.queenslibrary.org/book/Suspended-apocalypse-:-white-supremacy,-genocide,-and-the-Filipin/2129378\"\u003eSuspended Apocalypse: White Supremacy, Genocide, and the Filipino Condition\u003c/a\u003e by Dylan Rodríguez:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThrough beginning to read this a couple years ago, I’ve learned both more about Filipino American history and, crucially, a framework for how to analyze that history. I latched onto that so deeply. I still keep making connections between my family’s migration history, my position in Filipino America, and the long, continuing history between the Philippines and the United States. I also began reading this around the time I started to think about our personal histories as deeply connected to others’—a sentiment I hoped to bring to this project!\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Queens Public Library also launched the borough-wide \u003ca href=\"http://connect.queenslibrary.org/1648\"\u003eBring Your Story\u003c/a\u003e series to celebrate Immigrant Heritage Month 2019 back in June, which our own launch events were a part of! Library staff have also put together a \u003ca href=\"http://connect.queenslibrary.org/4160\"\u003ebooklist of recommended reads\u003c/a\u003e in multiple languages, all available through the library’s collections.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eREFERENCE DESK: Sources referenced in this episode from beyond the library\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWe learned about Zambian independence through \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalblackhistory.com/2015/10/colonialism-nationalism-independence-in-zambia.html\"\u003ethis article\u003c/a\u003e from Global Black History.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen we say that the U.S. set the terms of Philippine independence, we refer to the \u003ca href=\"http://fanhs-national.org/filam/about-fanhs/the-significance-of-1946-for-filipinao-americans/\"\u003eTydings-McDuffie Act of 1934\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act\"\u003eBell Trade Act of 1946\u003c/a\u003e. In our research, we also learned about the Philippine Hukbalahap Insurrection, a popular Communist movement in the Philippines targeted by the first administration after formal independence. \u003ca href=\"https://history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch4.htm\"\u003eThis website\u003c/a\u003e from the U.S. Army Center of Military History describes a history of this movement.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003ePart of our research was also figuring out how to build an oral history podcast! We had the joy of listening to a number of projects and podcasts during that process, which became formative in our own brainstorming for this project. Our admiration goes to the production teams for:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●       \u003ca href=\"https://sohp.org/podcast/\"\u003ePress Record\u003c/a\u003e from the Southern Oral History Program,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●       \u003ca href=\"https://www.brooklynhistory.org/podcasts/\"\u003eFlatbush + Main\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://oralhistory.brooklynhistory.org/collections/voices-of-crown-heights-oral-histories/\"\u003eVoices of Crown Heights\u003c/a\u003e from the Brooklyn Historical Society,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●       \u003ca href=\"http://soundcloud.com/ososproject\"\u003eOur Streets, Our Stories\u003c/a\u003e from the Brooklyn Public Library, and\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●       \u003ca href=\"https://www.queenslibrary.org/entertainment/teen-radio\"\u003eThe Voices of Queens\u003c/a\u003e from the teen libraries at the Queens Public Library branches in Jamaica and Far Rockaway\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGUIDING QUESTIONS: Origin points for discussion\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOur guiding question for this episode stems from Fred Moten, who welcomes people to a room with the questions: “How did you get here? What brought you here today?” Read more on page 5 of the Capilano \u003ca href=\"https://thecapilanoreview.com/app/uploads/2018/04/TCR-3.27.pdf\"\u003eReview\u003c/a\u003e here.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●       What’s a story you would want to tell about how you got to where you are now?\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOUR GRATITUDE GOES TO…\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRo Garrido,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRichard Lee,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMolly Schwartz,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eEileen Sprague,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLori Wallach,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDacia Metes,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBrandon Jeffries,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Sarah Covington,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Peter Vellon,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Eva Fernandez,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eand to all of the storytellers, interviewers, volunteers, interns, and staff who have supported us in many crucial and deeply appreciated ways throughout the process of making this project.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eListen to the episode on \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/queens-public-library/memories-of-migration-episode-one-origins\"\u003eSoundCloud\u003c/a\u003e, as well as any other platform you find your podcasts. Give us a like if you want, and comment to share your thoughts with us. Find more from \u003ca href=\"https://queensmemory.org/\"\u003eQueens Memory\u003c/a\u003e at QueensMemory.org, on \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/queensmemory/\"\u003eFacebook at Queens Memory\u003c/a\u003e, and on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/QueensMemory\"\u003eTwitter at @QueensMemory\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e (summary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eThis audio piece was produced by the Queens Memory Project and is available for use under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License. For inquiries, please contact queensmemory@queenslibrary.org.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eWe\u0026rsquo;re thrilled to premiere the Queens Memory Podcast, a selection of personal histories from the borough of Queens in New York City. Our first season collects stories of migration, with our first episode on origins: where our stories come from, and how they begin.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFROM THE ARCHIVES: Storytellers whose oral histories we feature in this episode, with links to full interviews and timecode outlines\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org/vital/access/manager/Repository/aql:22057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eMaria Fortino\u003c/a\u003e, interviewed by Stephanie Fortino-Gonzalez (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"../../../r/kd1qf8jr5s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eThara Madathody\u003c/a\u003e, interviewed by Nusaiba Ally (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eTony O\u0026rsquo;Reilly, interviewed by Pat McCluskey and Eileen Sprague as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.qcirishstudies.org/new-page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eIrish in Queens Oral History Project\u003c/a\u003e (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMary Twomey, interviewed by Eileen Sprague in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.qcirishstudies.org/new-page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eIrish in Queens Oral History Project\u003c/a\u003e (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJagir Bains, interviewed by Carolyn Brown (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"../../../r/707wm13v23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eJoey Tabaco\u003c/a\u003e, interviewed by Claro de los Reyes and Jennifer Quiambao in the My Baryo, My Borough (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIN THE STACKS: References available through the Queens Public Library\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eResearch for this episode comes from the Queens Public Library stacks and databases, along with various online sources and Wikipedia articles.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOur learning about the Irish Civil War came from \u003ca href=\"http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A133705220/AONE?u=nysl_me_queensb\u0026amp;sid=AONE\u0026amp;xid=cd7dca40\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ethis article\u003c/a\u003e written by Jim Smyth. In this episode\u0026rsquo;s clips, Mary Twomey also mentions Cork, where her father-in-law lived and fled from in response to growing threats of violence during the Irish Civil War era. Read a poem from Michael O\u0026rsquo;Maille \u003ca href=\"http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A190789200/AONE?u=nysl_me_queensb\u0026amp;sid=AONE\u0026amp;xid=90ff5ff1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e, who grew up in Cork during the time and reflects on later returning. We also learned about how colonialism and war in Ireland connects to British empire in multiple places, with a focus on 1930s Palestine and Kenya, through \u003ca href=\"http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A557578635/AONE?u=nysl_me_queensb\u0026amp;sid=AONE\u0026amp;xid=a72f21a6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ethis article\u003c/a\u003e by Caroline Elkins.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFor reading recommendations, podcast producer Adriene Lara is currently reading \u003ca href=\"https://www.queenslibrary.org/book/Suspended-apocalypse-:-white-supremacy,-genocide,-and-the-Filipin/2129378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eSuspended Apocalypse: White Supremacy, Genocide, and the Filipino Condition\u003c/a\u003e by Dylan Rodr\u0026iacute;guez:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThrough beginning to read this a couple years ago, I\u0026rsquo;ve learned both more about Filipino American history and, crucially, a framework for how to analyze that history. I latched onto that so deeply. I still keep making connections between my family\u0026rsquo;s migration history, my position in Filipino America, and the long, continuing history between the Philippines and the United States. I also began reading this around the time I started to think about our personal histories as deeply connected to others\u0026rsquo;\u0026mdash;a sentiment I hoped to bring to this project!\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Queens Public Library also launched the borough-wide \u003ca href=\"http://connect.queenslibrary.org/1648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eBring Your Story\u003c/a\u003e series to celebrate Immigrant Heritage Month 2019 back in June, which our own launch events were a part of! Library staff have also put together a \u003ca href=\"http://connect.queenslibrary.org/4160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ebooklist of recommended reads\u003c/a\u003e in multiple languages, all available through the library\u0026rsquo;s collections.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eREFERENCE DESK: Sources referenced in this episode from beyond the library\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWe learned about Zambian independence through \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalblackhistory.com/2015/10/colonialism-nationalism-independence-in-zambia.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ethis article\u003c/a\u003e from Global Black History.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen we say that the U.S. set the terms of Philippine independence, we refer to the \u003ca href=\"http://fanhs-national.org/filam/about-fanhs/the-significance-of-1946-for-filipinao-americans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eTydings-McDuffie Act of 1934\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eBell Trade Act of 1946\u003c/a\u003e. In our research, we also learned about the Philippine Hukbalahap Insurrection, a popular Communist movement in the Philippines targeted by the first administration after formal independence. \u003ca href=\"https://history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch4.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eThis website\u003c/a\u003e from the U.S. Army Center of Military History describes a history of this movement.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003ePart of our research was also figuring out how to build an oral history podcast! We had the joy of listening to a number of projects and podcasts during that process, which became formative in our own brainstorming for this project. Our admiration goes to the production teams for:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003ca href=\"https://sohp.org/podcast/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ePress Record\u003c/a\u003e from the Southern Oral History Program,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003ca href=\"https://www.brooklynhistory.org/podcasts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eFlatbush + Main\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://oralhistory.brooklynhistory.org/collections/voices-of-crown-heights-oral-histories/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eVoices of Crown Heights\u003c/a\u003e from the Brooklyn Historical Society,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003ca href=\"http://soundcloud.com/ososproject\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eOur Streets, Our Stories\u003c/a\u003e from the Brooklyn Public Library, and\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003ca href=\"https://www.queenslibrary.org/entertainment/teen-radio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eThe Voices of Queens\u003c/a\u003e from the teen libraries at the Queens Public Library branches in Jamaica and Far Rockaway\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGUIDING QUESTIONS: Origin points for discussion\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOur guiding question for this episode stems from Fred Moten, who welcomes people to a room with the questions: \u0026ldquo;How did you get here? What brought you here today?\u0026rdquo; Read more on page 5 of the Capilano \u003ca href=\"https://thecapilanoreview.com/app/uploads/2018/04/TCR-3.27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eReview\u003c/a\u003e here.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e●\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; What\u0026rsquo;s a story you would want to tell about how you got to where you are now?\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOUR GRATITUDE GOES TO\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRo Garrido,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRichard Lee,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMolly Schwartz,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eEileen Sprague,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLori Wallach,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDacia Metes,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBrandon Jeffries,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Sarah Covington,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Peter Vellon,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Eva Fernandez,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eand to all of the storytellers, interviewers, volunteers, interns, and staff who have supported us in many crucial and deeply appreciated ways throughout the process of making this project.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eListen to the episode on \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/queens-public-library/memories-of-migration-episode-one-origins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eSoundCloud\u003c/a\u003e, as well as any other platform you find your podcasts. Give us a like if you want, and comment to share your thoughts with us. Find more from \u003ca href=\"https://queensmemory.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eQueens Memory\u003c/a\u003e at QueensMemory.org, on \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/queensmemory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eFacebook at Queens Memory\u003c/a\u003e, and on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/QueensMemory\"\u003eTwitter at @QueensMemory\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eThis audio piece was produced by the Queens Memory Project and is available for use under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License. For inquiries, please contact queensmemory@queenslibrary.org.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Queens Public Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Queens Public Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/010/original/Aviary_QPLlogo_192x192.png?1578574261","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/136/537/small/Screenshot_%2828%29.png?1641892578","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/105/collection_resources/61126/file/136537","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - qmpodcast_s1e1_6_UPDATED.mp3"]},"duration":1709.172,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/136/537/small/Screenshot_%2828%29.png?1641892578","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/105/collection_resources/61126/file/136537/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/105/collection_resources/61126/file/136537/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-queenslibrary.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/136/537/original/qmpodcast_s1e1_6_UPDATED.mp3?1641828960","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1709.172,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/105/collection_resources/61126/file/136537","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/105/collection_resources/61126/file/136537/transcript/35117","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Full Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/105/collection_resources/61126/file/136537/transcript/35117/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Queens Memory Podcast\n\nSeason 1 Episode 1 Transcript (English)\n\n\nINTRO\n\nNATALIE MILBRODT, narrator: For full transcripts, translations, content notes, and resources from this episode, follow along with us in our show notes at Queens Memory dot org.\n\n[INTRODUCTORY MUSIC BEGINS]\n\nNM: This is the Queens Memory Podcast, a selection of personal histories from the borough of Queens, in New York City. This podcast comes to you from the Queens Memory Project, based in Jamaica, Queens at the Queens Central Library. I'm Natalie Milbrodt, Director of Queens Memory, where we record and preserve contemporary history across the borough. We grow our archives by collecting oral histories, photos, and mementos shared with us by community members. Local volunteers, who train with Queens Memory staff, facilitate and record our oral history interviews.\n\nWe feature oral histories from our archives so we can reflect on and engage with the histories we listen to and tell one another. How do we carry each other’s stories? What shapes our personal and family histories? How did we get to the neighborhoods where we live? Where are we in relation to each other's histories?\n\nAs a part of New York City, Queens has long been a point of entry to the United States. Thinking about the borough in this way, we searched through our archives to gather stories of migration for this first season of the Queens Memory Podcast. These stories cross continents and move through decades of the past century. We share these oral histories to reflect on the histories of this borough, of this country, and of ourselves.\n\n[MUSIC CHANGES]\n\n[INTRODUCTORY AUDIO COLLAGE BEGINS]\n\nMARIA FORTINO: - forever telling his brothers to try and immigrate to the United States! - THARA MADATHORDY: - I was not fascinated by America at all, because, ehm, I was very happy in India -\n\nTONY O’REILLY: - I wanted to - see - more of - North America -\n\nMARY TWOMEY: - she - did not want to bring a boy - didn’t wanna take my two older sisters - I was picked! -\n\nJAGIR BAINS: - he had some knowledge that it is better to go abroad -\n\nJOEY TABACO: - I don’t think he had any particular drive to come to America -\n\n[PAUSE WITH MUSIC]\n\nNM: To start off the series, we reflect on origins: where our stories come from and how they begin. In our archives, we hear about many points of departure, from countries and places, to periods of time, to relationships with others. All together, these points of departure shape the migrations described in these stories. We listen to this collection of memories keeping in mind the many origins from which we tell our histories.\n\nLet’s listen.\n\n[MUSIC FADES OUT]\n\n\nBODY\n\n[FIRST ORAL HISTORY BEGINS, with MARIA FORTINO]\n\nSTEPHANIE FORTINO-GONZALEZ, interviewer: Do you remember the context of the decision as to why your parents ultimately decided that you would leave Italy?\n\nMARIA FORTINO: Well, I had an uncle. He was the youngest of my father’s, uh- of my father’s brothers. He had immigrated to the United States in the 1950s and, uh, he was here in the United States and he would often write to them and, you know, keep in contact with them. And knowing that they, you know, the brothers in Italy, um, were having a difficult time, he would often send packages with, uh, clothes and sometimes, you know, cookies and food items. Many times, he would also send money. And he was forever telling his brothers to try and immigrate to the United States because life would be much better here. Um, my dad was always trying to do better for the family, and he always, uh, did wanna go. His brothers —he had two other brothers— they were all married also. And, uh, they also wanted to immigrate. So, at some point, they had made the decision that if, uh, you know, that he did the paperwork, that we would all immigrate.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nSG: What were some of your feelings, um, perhaps in the weeks leading up to immigration? Towards moving to the United States, or maybe even the night before? How did you feel about this major change in your life?\n\n\nMF: Well, it was a major change. I was very excited, uh, for myself. You know, being young, I guess probably I didn’t even understand the ramifications of where we were going, how far it was. Uh, so I was very excited and looking forward to it as a new adventure for me, but, uh- and my dad was also excited, obviously, because his brother was here. His two other brothers had already come in January and they had already written to him and told him how great it was here. But, however, my mother, she was not happy at all. She did not want to leave and she was very resistant because all her sisters were there, uh, in the area where we were living, and she didn't have anybody here at all. She didn't wanna leave, she felt that we were fine in Italy and she was very, very upset and she didn't wanna go.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nMy dad convinced her, uh, to come, and I think what he had said is that we were gonna keep the house, and to, you know, go to the United States. \"Let’s give it a try. We'll work a few months, you know, and if we really don't like it and cannot adapt, we can always come back to our house, you know, here in Italy.\" And that was one of the reasons why they didn't sell it.\n\nNM: We just heard Maria Fortino talk about the Fortino family's conflicting desires to migrate from Italy to the U.S. In this next set of clips with Thara Madathordy, Tony O'Reilly, and Mary Twomey, we want to keep thinking about connections between family and migration.\n\nHow do family histories and relationships form our movements? Let’s keep thinking, and listen closer.\n\n[SECOND ORAL HISTORY BEGINS, with THARA MADATHORDY]\n\nTHARA MADATHORDY: I was not fascinated by America at all, because, um, I was very happy in India. Ah, I had a very middle-class upbringing, and, um, I was a person who's, like, who live in present and I'm kind of happy with whatever little I have, so I like helping, I like teaching, so I did my studies, I was teaching, I was so happy! And I would- I would tell, a minute also, I never thought I would be here. Getting married and coming here. So I never thought of America. I used to have- I used to see TV and world news, I used to see this America, something going on, \"Oh whatever, little topic about America!\" But I was not at all interested, uh, because that never fascinated me. [LAUGHS] So, kind of very happy in India but [CLEARS MOUTH] So, I never thought I would come to America but when- I was in arranged marriage, so when the proposal came and my father-in-law asked me, \"So, are you ready to go to New York?\" I was like, kind of, \"Oh, that’s not gonna work because where the hell the place is actually?\" And, uh, it's- then they were telling, like, you have to travel, like, those times, I think 18 to 20 hours. I think now it's much more easier. But, uh, when I came in 2003, I think I would travel 24 hours\n\nto come to U.S., so it’s a place you have to, uh, come across seven seas to just reach this place! So I was like, \"Really, am I going there?\" So I was not even sure that I’m coming here. But anyway, that’s the destiny. I came here, uh- and- [CLEARS MOUTH] It’s kind of, okay, then really, suddenly, I was like- I didn't know anything about this place! I didn’t have a dream that I’m gonna come here, so then everything was new to me.\n\n[THIRD ORAL HISTORY BEGINS, with TONY O’REILLY]\n\nTONY O'REILLY: I left home very young, I was a middle child. And, uh, the place- the farm wasn't doin' very well. So I- I didn't want to continue my schooling, so I left school very young.\n\nPAT MCCLUSKEY, interviewer: Mhm.\n\nTO: And I got away to Dublin, which would be the city about 70 miles away.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nI tricked my mother into gettin' away to the city, and I told her I was only goin' for a few months. And then I got a job there! And she thought, \"Well, if he's got a job, leave him alone. He doesn't wanna go back to school.\" And that's the way it kind of-\n\nPM: It kinda played out, yeah.\n\nTO: Yeah. She had her own problems back home.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nFrom there, I went to London for a while. About a year, I spent a year in London. And then my older brother was gettin' married in Toronto, so he wanted me to be the best man. So, my sister, um, we all- we left from, from London to go to Toronto in 1972.\n\nPM: [CLEARS THROAT] Mhm.\n\nTO: Yeah!\n\nPM: And is that when you came, you stayed? TO: I stayed, I emigrated at the point to Canada. PM: You did.\n\nTO: Yeah.\n\nPM: And you were, uh, 18? Or 19?\n\nTO: I was 19. Yep. Yeah.\n\nPM: 19, okay. And- and how did you find Toronto? I mean, what made you decide to stay?\n\nTO: Well, I- I wanted to, uh, see more of North America. You know? I wasn't sure I was gonna stay there. I was kind of very, um... wild, if that would be the right, you know- I was young, I was wild, I was, you know! I can remember, um, the, you know- back in the, in the 50s, 60s -\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nwe didn't have electricity or running water in the house. I remember my father bringin' home a radio for the first time -\n\nPM: Really?\n\nTO: - and :' it on in the corner and you know. It's quite an exciting time to hear the radio, you know?\n\nPM: That must've- yeah! Huh!\n\nTO: And then TV came in and we would see TV in the towns and, uh- We didn't have a TV, but then some neighbors had 'em, we would go there.\n\nPM: Mhm.\n\nTO: So, then, not to go back too far, but when I got away, The Beatles had just, you know, come on the scene, um. Rock 'n roll, and, you know, Chubby Checker. [LAUGHS] Whoever!\n\nPM: Back in the 60s, right? TO: Yeah, back in the 60s! PM: I remember that!\n\nTO: So I felt like the world was just opening up, but it was just me opening up to- you know, to the new life. And I said, \"I wanna see the world!\" And that's why I made a decision one day -\n\nPM: Mhm!\n\nTO: - uh, to go to London and I left the next day.\n\nPM: You did?\n\nTO: Yeah. [LAUGHS]\n\nPM: You were a spontaneous kind of a person!\n\nTO: Spontaneous! Yep, yeah!\n\nPM: But that's the way to get it done, though!\n\nTO: Yes. And I had a sister livin' in London at the time.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nTO: I didn't even bother to get her address in London.\n\nPM: You knew you'd find her!\n\nTO: I knew I'd find her somewhere. [LAUGHS]\n\nPM: In- in- in a little town like-!\n\nTO: And three days later, I found her!\n\nEILEEN SPRAGUE, co-interviewer: [LAUGHS]\n\nPM: And you did find her!\n\nTO: I did! [LAUGHS]\n\nPM: Wow!\n\nTO: I had a general idea. So, Toronto was next on my world tour, and I didn't... I didn't like it that much. It was okay.\n\nPM: Yeah.\n\nTO: And then I started to visit, uh, you know, to the- to the States. We would go to Detroit, 'cause it's just a train ride from Toronto to Detroit.\n\nPM: Yup, yup.\n\nTO: Well, I was goin' with a friend of mine who had a girlfriend there and that's why we were goin' there. And then I came into Buffalo, which would be only a hundred miles from Toronto, approximately. And I started to like the States and, uh, wound up comin' on down to New York.\n\nPM: Now, when you came to New York [CLEARS THROAT] did you have anybody here?\n\nTO: No, nobody.\n\nPM: 'Cause your brother and sister were in Toronto and the other two -\n\nTO: Correct.\n\nPM: - were back in Ireland.\n\nTO: That's right.\n\nPM: So you came here on your own!\n\nTO: On my own, didn't know anybody.\n\nPM: And you were probably in your early 20s.\n\nTO: I was... just 20.\n\nPM: Just 20.\n\nTO: Mhm.\n\nES: What was your first stop? TO: Uh, Jackson Heights. Yeah! ES: And why was that?\n\nTO: Well, uh, we drove down, uh, to see an Irish football game, which I didn't have much interest in but the two guys that drove, they were Irish guys, and they wanted to go see this game on, uh- Back then, they would show the Irish football games in a movie theater on a big screen. So, these guys have been waitin' to get here to see that, which wasn't really my interest but I was just goin' along for the fun of it! [LAUGHS]\n\nNM: Before we listen to Mary Twomey, we’ll tell a short history of the military involvements that compelled her and her family’s migration from Ireland to the United States. We'll start from the Irish revolutionary period of the 1910s and 20s. Mary Twomey mentions: The Troubles. Here, we’re referring to a different era than the Troubles of Northern Ireland in the 1960s and 70s. During this earlier era, the Irish Republican Army, or IRA, engaged in protracted armed efforts to establish an Irish republic independent from British colonial rule. They stood opposed by the British-backed Black and Tans in the Irish War of Independence. Since 1919, different factions of the IRA have continued to be active throughout the past century.\n\n[FOURTH ORAL HISTORY BEGINS, with MARY TWOMEY]\n\nEILEEN SPRAGUE, interviewer: How did it come to be that you were traveling here?\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nMARY TWOMEY: Well, um, I'm one of nine and our mother died when the oldest child was 12 and the youngest was 2.\n\nES: How sad...\n\nMT: And left a family. So, at the time, two months 'til- and my mom was in hospital for two years before she died.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nShe went for a back surgery, and never came home. So, an aunt took me when I was four. And that was about the age when my mother went to the, to the hospital. So, she took me. She was my godmother, and she took me. So, I spent several years with her in, uh- my grandparents, my grandmother, my grandfather lived in the house, and I had two single uncles, and two single aunts. They lived in the house.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nI came from pro-IRA family, of course, because that's why, like, my uncles left... My uncle that came to this country, because at the time, going back to the 20s, my uncle was- my uncle and my dad were all involved, at that time. And the- so it was a very, um- was- they tried to get my uncle out the country 'cause they were afraid that something\n\nwould happen to him. A lot of men left at that time. My father-in-law left at that time too. But he spent some time in prison in Ireland, my father-in-law. [EXHALES] At the time of The Troubles, and he had a brother that was shot and killed in, um, right near his home by, um... by the Black and Tans. So they were very political in Cork. It was tremendously- was a hotbed at that time. And my- my, uh- my father-in-law's family, you know, got rid o' him. Sent him into this country, you know, for his protection. Lot of families did that at that time. They had to, kind of.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nSo, my mother died when I was 6. And of course, I went back with my aunt. And my aunt eventually married —very, very nice man— and then she took me, with me- with- I went from her hou- from my grandparents' house to my aunt's house, and I lived there until nearly I came to this country. And my aunt in this country did not want to bring a boy, because at that time, you had to sign up - [CLEARS MOUTH] - you had to, you know, go into the service if you were of a certain age, and the draft was in. It wasn't voluntary at that time. So, she didn't wanna bring a boy because she didn't wanna put him in that kind of a situation. And, she didn't wanna take my- my two older sisters were a year apart, so she didn't wanna take one of them from the other. And, my youngest sister, I suppose maybe she felt she was too young, so I- I was picked! [LAUGHS] That's it!\n\nES: You were very brave!\n\nMT: I don't know! Whether it was brave or not, but I was... Yeah, I suppose I was. I was a little bit, you know. I was that kind of a child who, you know, did not mind leaving home. I also knew probably that things were a lot better because I came from very poor circumstances, I mean, we were on a small farm and nine little children, without a mother! You know?\n\nES: Must've been very difficult.\n\nMT: Oh yes! It was difficult. So I don't know!\n\n[BACKGROUND MUSIC BEGINS TO FADE IN]\n\nWas I smart enough to know that, you know, it would be better here? Or did I think about it? I don't know, I don't remember that.\n\nNM: Along with Mary Twomey, Jagir Bains and Joey Tabaco tell migration stories that also connect family history to colonialism and military politics.\n\nFirst, we’ll hear Jagir Bains talk about Zambia's formal independence from the United Kingdom, officially won by anti-colonial movements in 1964. He mentions that a particular strategy of the\n\nZambian Army to expel the British military presence in Zambia was to recruit Indian officers, the independence movements in India having achieved Indian independence in 1947.\n\nOnly a year prior in 1946, the United States government withdrew its imposed sovereignty over the Philippines, and set the terms of Philippine independence regarding U.S. military occupation, land and resource ownership, and Filipino migration to the U.S. Though he was born in Queens, Joey Tabaco mentions Philippine independence in recounting his father's migration.\n\nStarting with Jagir Bains, let’s listen closer.\n\n[FIFTH ORAL HISTORY BEGINS, with JAGIR BAINS]\n\nJAGIR BAINS: I was in Zambia from 1969 to ‘74 in the Zambian Army on contract for three years.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nBefore coming to Zambia, I was in the Indian Army 20 years, and my last unit was army headquarter. And, uh, I was the scientific assistant to the director of EME, that is Electrical Mechanical Engineers. The team from Zambia came to army headquarters to New Delhi, and they selected me to come to Zambia on a contract to teach the automotive technology.\n\n[AUDIO CUTS]\n\nCAROLYN BROWN, interviewer: Did you have to apply or did they seek you out? What happened?\n\nJB: Zambia got independence in 1964.\n\nCB: Mhm.\n\nJB: And they were in the process to find the people from outside, replacing Britishes. So they were all under British before the contract.\n\nCB: Oh, okay.\n\nJB: So they came to- they came to India in army headquarter, where I was stationed. And they called around- we were ten people they interviewed, and I was selected because of my cre- whatever you say it, you know, selected me. And they pay for everything, you know, airfare, and getting all those, whatever they have to ask for. And I came to Lusaka, that is the capital of Zambia, and then they transferred me to the\n\nMufulira, there is a town which is called Copperbelt. So I stayed there for all six years as an- in charge of a workshop.\n\nCB: And then you went back to New Delhi before you came to America?\n\nJB: No. Uh, I had a chance to come to United States instead of going to India, because it was going to be too costly.\n\nCB: Mm.\n\nJB: I had five children and me and my wife.\n\nCB: Okay.\n\nJB: So we all seven came together to America at one time. Landed in New York, JFK.\n\nCB: I see. What prompted you to America? Why not back to India?\n\nJB: Okay. It was, number one, from the beginning, my father was also retired also from the army. And, uh, he had some knowledge that it is better to go abroad. So he was teaching us all the time, \"Get education, and go abroad.\"\n\nCB: Okay.\n\nJB: So, I was always waiting for the opportunity to go abroad somehow. So, when they interviewed me in New Delhi, some of my friends said, \"Oh, it's too much mosquitoes there, you know, there's nothing-\" But still I wanted to go, I accepted that offer.\n\nCB: Yes.\n\nJB: And I- I came there. But, there also, you could not have citizenship. You can stay wherever- whatever time you want.\n\nCB: Mhm.\n\nJB: To- as long they need you, but after that you had to go.\n\nCB: Okay.\n\nJB: But it was good money. They- their dollar was equal to two-and-a-half dollars here.\n\nCB: Ah, okay! [LAUGHS]\n\nJB: So, money. It was good money, and uh, I wrote to my mother —she was in India at that time— that, \"If you want money, I can come back with the money.\" I had a lot of money, you know. I could have saved 50 percent of my salary.\n\nCB: Mm.\n\nJB: And then, \"Or, if you want me to stay abroad, I wanted to stay abroad. She said, \"Go to America.\"\n\nCB: Ah.\n\nJB: So I resigned from the Zambian army before the second contract and I came here. It was all the time, I was very anxious to come abroad. I could have stayed in Zambia because I have three children in Zambia.\n\nCB: Oh, okay.\n\nJB: But, we were not allowed to stay there unless they need us. So, this was the chance to come and find a job and stay in this country and get the citizenship.\n\n[SIXTH ORAL HISTORY BEGINS, with JOEY TABACO]\n\nJOEY TABACO: My father, uh, who’s a U.S. Army World War II veteran- He was drafted prior to Pearl Harbor in the Philippines because he could read and write English and sort of speak it as well as type, so when MacArthur was putting together the, uh, United States Armed Forces in the Philippines, USAFFE, he was one of the people who was actually drafted into the American Army and not the Philippine Constabulary, or National Guard is what they call it here in the United States. After World War II was over, he went back to teaching in Manila city schools, he was an Industrial Arts teacher and at night, he would be like a houseboy for the American officers who he had served with there, and he happened to see a magazine advertisement looking for Filipino nationals since the Philippines had just gained independence, to work at the United Nations itself for the\n\nU.N. So he filled in the application, got recommendations there from his officers who he was serving with, and somehow was selected because of the fact that, you know, he knew Spanish, 'cause that's what they taught in the Philippines back then, as well as Tagalog, Visayan, and English, like I said. You know, with those qualifications that he had, he was selected to be an employee of the U.N. Secretariat here in New York —and like I said, at the time, it was still at Lake Success, which is just on the border of Queens and Nassau— and was working, going to work back and forth between Parkway Village and there, and that's how he found a house that we later moved to in New Hyde Park, which is right on- just inside Queens, also on the border of Queens and Nassau. And, he was able to get that house because he had been a veteran on the G.I. Bill program. First thing he did when he got here, was he registered with the V.A. to get whatever benefits\n\nthat, you know, all the soldiers coming back from World War II was getting. And, and he did that [CLEARS THROAT] in the early part of 1946 when he first got here. The Recession Act, uh, passed by the U.S. Congress didn’t pass until, I believe it was in November of 1946, so he more or less grandfathered into the program and, uh, even though he was a Philippine citizen at the time, he wasn’t eliminated like all of the people after that who tried to get into the program who were U.S. Army veterans that were, you know, denied V.A. privileges because of the fact that they were now Philippine nationals. Then there was also the problem that most of the Filipinos were paid 50 cents on the dollar that, that American soldiers were paid. Not that American soldiers were paid that much, but the Filipinos even got less than, than what the American soldiers were getting for, you know, fighting the same war there in the Philippines. The chance that he had to go work for the United Nations itself was how he was able to come here. I don’t think he had any particular drive to come to America. Uh, I think more of it was to work for the United Nations. In fact, when he got here, the Philippine Ambassador to the United Nations and the, at that time, president of the General Assembly was Carlos Romelo. He actually called my father on the carpet when he got here, asking him, how did he get that job without his express written consent? Because, most of the jobs here in New York were pretty much doled out to, you know, either political party members or to, you know, the rich families there in the Philippines. So, they were wondering how this provincial from the barrios managed to, uh, sneak past all the normal procedures there for people coming here to the U.S. -\n\n[BACKGROUND MUSIC BEGINS TO FADE IN]\n\nand get a job. Even though he was only clerk typist, it was still a pretty prestigious job, you know, for- for a Filipino to come here, you know, to America, let alone New York!\n\n\nOUTRO\n\nNM: Thank you for listening with us on the Queens Memory Podcast.\n\nVisit our show notes blog at Queens Memory dot org. There, you’ll find full transcripts and written translations of this episode, and more to listen to from our archives. We’ve also added reading recommendations from Queens Public Library collections as well as resources from local community organizations. And, if you want your stories to join those you heard today and become part of our archives, head to Queens Memory dot org forward slash participate or to our show notes to find out more.\n\nI’d like to thank our producer Adriene Lara and our composer Elias Ravin. A warm thank you to Ro Garrido for providing fundamental collaboration and support, and to Richard Lee and Molly Schwartz for offering their guidance and wisdom. Thanks also to the Queens Public Library and\n\nthe Institute of Museum and Library Services for hosting and funding this podcast. Finally, thank you to all the interviewees, interviewers, interns, and volunteers for collecting and sharing the stories that make this podcast possible.\n\nIf you’re listening with others, and want to reflect together, here’s a guiding question: What’s a story you would want to tell about how you got to where you are now? Join us in the next episode on paperwork to think about how we decide who goes where, and the papers we file to make those decisions legally binding.\n\nListen with us next time on the Queens Memory Podcast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/105/collection_resources/61126/file/136537#t=0.0,1709.172"}]}]}]}