{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9w08w3b77t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Steven Kritz Oral History"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/010/original/Aviary_QPLlogo_192x192.png?1578574261","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Steven Kritz provides a detailed oral history, focusing on his life and medical career in New York City, particularly in relation to summer, heat, and public health crises. He recounted his upbringing in Queens, his education at Queens College and Downstate Medical Center, and his experiences as a medical resident at Kings County Hospital in the 1970s. Key events discussed included the 1977 heatwave and blackout, where he treated numerous cases of fatal heat stroke, and the 1978 Legionnaires' Disease outbreak, where his hospital handled the index cases. He also shared memories of driving a taxi in the polluted summers of the early 1970s, his skepticism about the causes of global warming, and anecdotes from various cultural events of the era.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCC BY-NC-SA Contact digitalarchives@queenslibrary.org for research and reproduction requests.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2025-07-19 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Tags"]},"value":{"en":["Queens College Alumni"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Steven Kritz (Interviewee)","Daniel Cumming (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Interview recorded as part of Melting Metropolis: Everyday Histories of Health and Heat in London, New York, and Paris since 1945"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["1951-2025 (temporal)","Kew Gardens Hills, Queens, NY; Brooklyn, NY; Manhattan, NY (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Steven Kritz provides a detailed oral history, focusing on his life and medical career in New York City, particularly in relation to summer, heat, and public health crises. He recounted his upbringing in Queens, his education at Queens College and Downstate Medical Center, and his experiences as a medical resident at Kings County Hospital in the 1970s. Key events discussed included the 1977 heatwave and blackout, where he treated numerous cases of fatal heat stroke, and the 1978 Legionnaires' Disease outbreak, where his hospital handled the index cases. He also shared memories of driving a taxi in the polluted summers of the early 1970s, his skepticism about the causes of global warming, and anecdotes from various cultural events of the era.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCC BY-NC-SA Contact digitalarchives@queenslibrary.org for research and reproduction requests.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Queens Public Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Queens Public Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/010/original/Aviary_QPLlogo_192x192.png?1578574261","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/312/746/small/kritz_steven_20250719_portrait_resized.jpg?1782163855","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - kritz_steven_20250719_edit.mp4"]},"duration":5069.12,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/312/746/small/kritz_steven_20250719_portrait_resized.jpg?1782163855","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-queenslibrary.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/312/746/original/kritz_steven_20250719_edit.mp4?1782162445","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5069.12,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Full Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oral History with Steven Kritz, interviewed by Daniel Cumming (Queens College), transcribed by Kristal Melendez (Queens College)\r\nInterview conducted at a quarter past ten in the morning on July 19, 2025, recorded over Zoom\r\n\r\n\r\nTRANSCRIPTION BEGIN","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=0.0,3.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Good afternoon. My name is Dr. Daniel Cumming and I am a postdoctoral fellow with Melting Metropolis as well as a teacher at Queens College CUNY. And I'm here today with Dr. Steven Kritz. It is July 29th, 2025. It is ten-fifteen AM in the morning. We're recording through Zoom. So I am in Brooklyn recording and Dr. Kritz is in his home recording. And this conversation will be part of the Melting Metropolis interview series in which we're collecting oral histories from folks who have memories of summertime, of heat, of climate and have interesting perspectives to share. And Dr. Kritz has a lot of the above that he's here to share with us. So Dr. Kritz, welcome. It's so nice to have you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3.0,62.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=62.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: And just before we get too far afield, do we have your permission to record this conversation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=64.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=70.0,71.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Fantastic. And do we have your permission also to work with Queen Memory Project to digitally transcribe the interview and archive it with their online collection?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=71.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=85.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Fantastic. Thank you. So welcome Dr. Kritz. It's lovely to have you here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=86.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Thanks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=92.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: I'll give you a chance to introduce yourself and perhaps you can touch on some highlights and then we will rewind it and go back to some of your earliest memories of summertime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=94.0,107.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Okay. When my mom was pregnant with me, they moved into Queens in Kew Gardens Hills. In those days you had LaGuardia Airport, you had Idlewild Airport, which is now [John F.] Kennedy Airport. And there was—basically, Queens was a swamp and there were not too many people living there at the time. But my family, when they got off the boat in Ellis Island in the World War I era, all of them ended up in East New York in Brooklyn. And so that's where my parents grew up. They were born in this country. And so I was born in a hospital in Brooklyn. It was called Bethel Hospital, which I think now is Brookdale. And that was in 1951. And I basically lived in the same apartment development from the time I was born until I went to medical school. So when I went to Queens College, I was still living in an apartment there in Kew Gardens Hills. I was within walking distance of the school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=107.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: There was no tuition. They had just increased the fees to $69 and 25 cents a semester, which nearly caused riots in Albany because that was double what it had been before. And as it turned out, it probably was a very fortuitous thing that I did go to Queens College where the cost was almost nothing because at the end of my first semester, my dad, who was only 42 years old, suddenly he went to work and died. He had a heart attack. And so being in terms of my education, it had no impact on that. I basically continued as I had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=202.0,267.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: I then—Queens College and the chemistry department, they were very good in getting people into medical school. Of course there weren't that many people because while chemistry would start out with 600 people, by the time organic chemistry was over, we were down to 18 and 12 of us wanted to go to medical school and we all got in. A few of us had to go outside the country, but that year there was a huge increase in the percentage of people who were applying to medical school. My theory about that is that engineering in the United States was dead throughout the entire decade of the 1970s. I still don't know why, but what you had was a lot of pre-engineering students went pre-med. And it is my knowledge that from the late seventies to the mid nineties, the greatest technological advances in the medical field occurred. And I think it was because of all of those pre-engineering students going into medicine. But anyway, and then I stayed at Downstate to do a residency in internal medicine. And after I finished, I then moved upstate and I practiced general internal medicine in a rural county upstate New York. And I was there for 20 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=267.0,388.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And then due to a series of circumstances, I left that practice and then got involved in clinical research and public health and certain other elements of the healthcare system. But I was back in Queens and this time in Whitestone, and that's where I've been for the past 25 years. So I lived in Queens for 22 years, Brooklyn for 7, upstate for 20, and here in Queens for 25. Now, when the Melting Metropolis Zoom was advertised, I knew I wanted to be on it mainly because the first thing that comes to mind for me was the heat wave that occurred in July of 1977, and that was my first month as a medical resident. I graduated from medical school the month before and I was working the emergency room where you did 12 hour shifts, I think four days a week, and then you were off three days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=388.0,490.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And the heat wave that occurred in July of 1977. And I look at heat waves based on what, three days or more in a row of 90 degree or higher temperature. I know they don't quite use that anymore, although when you listen to the news on TV, they still talk about it that way. But I think the reason that I prefer that terminology is because it is my understanding that while that heat wave was not the longest in the history of the city, it was the hottest, that the average high temperature during that seven or eight days was over 95 degrees. And we had one or two days where it was over a hundred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=490.0,557.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And of course the other major event that occurred was that on the last day or the next to the last day of that heat wave is when the blackout of 1977 occurred. I was working the Kings County Hospital emergency room from four to midnight when that happened. It happened I think shortly after I started my shift. Now there's been a story that is kind of apocryphal, that the person who developed the basic science for MRI scans was a professor at Downstate. His name was Raymond Damadian, a Forest Hills boy, who was one of my physiology professors, and nobody disputes the fact that he had developed the basic science for MRI scans. And he called the machine \"Indomitable\", and he actually wrote a book of that name, which he probably self-published. I remember having it, I don't have it anymore. I wish I did because I don't think it's available anywhere. But in it, the claim was made that 15 minutes into the first human body scan is when the city blacked out and they thought they had caused it because at the time it was one of the largest magnets that had ever been built. So just imagine being the fellow in the machine. I knew who the guy was. So if the city went out, what's happening to me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=557.0,686.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: But more recently I read that while it is acknowledged that the first whole body MRI scan was done in the basement of Downstate, it was 10 days before the blackout. It was on July 3rd, at least according to Wikipedia, and the blackout was on July 13th. Now, I am old enough that I remember the first major blackout in New York City, which was in 1965, and that occurred in the fall, I think in October on a very nice evening and all of that. It was very pleasant. And it's my understanding that the birth rate skyrocketed nine months later in New York City. Now during the 1960s, my dad was a gunsmith, had a store in Corona, a Jewish gunsmith in New York City, which is an oxymoron worthy of a George Carlin routine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=686.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And one of the things that he sold in his store was Coleman gas lanterns. And there was a bar two doors away from his store. So when the blackout of 1965 occurred, he hung lanterns in that bar and that bar was able to stay open all night. They made a fortune. It may have been the only light in the city of New York on that day. Anyway, the blackout of '77, I was supposed to be in the asthma room, but nobody with asthma was going to show up at the emergency room. You couldn't go anywhere, the looting and everything else that was going on. So they brought us into the room where we were basically stitching looters who had cut themselves on glass or whatever. And that's how I spent that shift. And so when midnight occurred and it was time to go home, I had a choice of whether to stay there—they had generators running—or to go home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=756.0,834.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And I decided to go home. And I drove, and because there were no traffic lights, you basically had looters directing traffic on Church Avenue. And I still remember at one point where I was stopped by one guy because his friend had a chain around the store gate. They needed me to stop so he could rip the store gate off so that they could go and loot the appliance store or whatever it was. And the guy must have been very experienced at it. I was only delayed about 10 seconds, and then I was waved in. So I lived on Ocean Parkway at the time. I lived in a six story elevator building, a beautiful three and a half room apartment that probably rents for about $4,000 a month today, I was paying $150. And of course the elevators didn't work. I was on the fifth floor. And I still remember the fact that I wasn't totally positive that I had counted right, that I had gotten up to the fifth floor. And that building had mostly seniors living in it. So it's like the first thing that crossed my mind was I'm going to start putting keys in the door and that kind of thing, and it's going to be the wrong door and some elderly couple behind in that apartment is going to have a heart attack. But fortunately, I did get it right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=834.0,945.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: But the other thing that was significant about that particular heat wave was that we treated approximately 70 or 75 cases of heat stroke, which was a huge number. So we always had ice on hand, because that's what we would do, the patient would come in on a gurney and we would just dump ice on them. And the mortality rate was pretty darn high. I think more than half of the people died, and the—most of them were seniors. They did not have air conditioning in the seventies. Yeah, I would say that probably more than half the apartments had air conditioning, but that still left a lot of apartments that didn't. I was very fortunate growing up because before my father got into gunsmithing, he was a TV radio repairman. He was essentially an electrician without the degree. And so we had air conditioning in our apartment in the fifties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=945.0,1034.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And in fact, my understanding, it was that because the apartment building, even though it was new, it wasn't really designed to handle air conditioners. He went down to the fuse box in the basement and basically jumped it so that the fuses wouldn't burn out. So the building survived and it's still there. It was called Bertram Gardens. It was right near the bank that looks like Independence Hall on Main Street in Queens, two blocks from there. Anyway, we had so many cases of heat stroke that the chief resident in the emergency room—I'm not sure if it was just for that month, it may have been. His name was Charles Sprung, who's now with Hadassah University in Jerusalem. I think he moved to Israel about 40 years ago. But anyway, he wrote a paper that I'm still trying to track down some of it, although I found a couple of the brief reports. But I know that there was a paper where you got a lot of demographic information and some of the comorbidities that were associated with poor outcomes from heat stroke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1034.0,1143.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Anyway, usually when you write a paper that's published in a medical journal, it has a half-life of about six months and it's been superseded by something else. But I still remember 30 years later reading the American Journal of Public Health, which is a pretty well regarded journal, and that article was cited, that was pretty impressive. And so that was sort of the heat wave of heat waves as far as I'm concerned, although nobody was talking about global warming at that time. And in fact, from somewhere around the mid forties to the mid seventies, that was a period where temperatures were flat to slightly down. And I still remember in the early 70's, and I believe it was in the front cover of Time Magazine where they talked about the little ice age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1143.0,1240.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Although as someone who was introduced to snow skiing in the late 1950s, I remember that in the sixties there was always plenty of snow, but in the seventies, if you didn't invest in snowmaking equipment, you were done. And in fact, there were a number of ski slopes that were opened up in the early seventies because by the late sixties, skiing had become extremely popular. And so ski slopes opened up and suddenly there really wasn't that much snow. In fact, in the Catskills, there's a place that a lot of people still go camping. It's called Minnewaska.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1240.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And they opened a ski slope in the early seventies and it didn't last very long because they just didn't get the snow. So I guess that was the period of the global warming and started sometime there. And of course '77, but nobody was really talking about that until, I don't know, was it the eighties, late eighties or in the nineties, maybe not even until the nineties. It was sort of recognized, holy smokes, it is getting warmer. And of course, for many years they were attributing it to CO2. I was always skeptical about that. As a medical person, you become aware that carbon is—all life forms on this planet are based on carbon. And to suddenly consider it as a scourge, I don't think is—I never thought was appropriate. And then when I found out that between, was it 1910 and 1940, we had global warming that was almost as—at the same rate that we've had over the past 40 or 50 years. And CO2 levels didn't budge during that period of time. So I became skeptical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1309.0,1412.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And also just knowing that for 50 years we've been doing satellite images of the greenery of the earth and the earth is greener now than it's been at any time in the 50 years that we've been sending those satellites up. So while I believe that global warming has occurred, I don't think it's CO2 related, and I've noticed that people aren't talking about CO2 as much anymore. They tried to substitute methane gas and that gained some traction. They want to try and get rid of all the cows. But I spoke to a chemist who had worked for the EPA and for the pharmaceutical companies and everything else to remind me that methane turns to CO2 and water instantaneously unless you set it on fire. So the freezing point of methane is like minus 160 degrees and so methane, it is just too volatile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1412.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: You're not going to have levels of it all over the place anyway. Now, I had found a chart that had a list of all of the heat waves that had occurred in the city of New York, again using the definition of three days in a row over 90, and going back I guess to the 1880s or something like that when they first started measuring it. And the longest one actually occurred in 1953, and it was in late August into September, which was kind of late. And that summer they had another heat wave in July that was fairly long as well. And I was around then, but I was two years old. And when I was born, my dad was into his camera stage. So I have about an hour and 45 minutes of eight millimeter color movie film of me from my first bath that my grandmother gave me until I was about 16 and finally got it digitized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1495.0,1595.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: First we put it onto a VCR and then somebody added music to it, but the quality was not great. In fact—and I have a projector that I can actually play the movie film on from the early 1950s, and I remember when the bulb broke in it, it looked like it was signed by Thomas Edison. The thing was so old looking. But anyway, so I have movie film of my second birthday, and I don't remember anybody fainting or anything else, but that does remind me of the fact that when I graduated from Queens College in 73, the ceremony was outdoors. At that time, I think the enrollment at Queens College was greater than it is today, even though [the] Kiely building was the only tall building on the campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1595.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: The next tallest building was the old Remsen Hall. There were 3,500 graduates and it was over 90 degrees. And my grandmother ended up in the emergency room from the heat. I didn't know because I was far away listening to Ralph Nader go on for about two hours. And that gives new meaning to the word degree. So that's another heat memory. And of course, I've been very familiar with what are called heat island effects for a long time. In fact, I've read literature that has said that most of the global warming that we've had is because our low temperatures have increased. It's more low temperatures increasing rather than high temperatures increasing so that when you average it out, it comes out to higher because the average low temperature is higher. And although a day like today, it kind of throws a monkey wrench into that because I think there's going to be a whole host of new high temperatures, at least in this country today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1675.0,1788.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And a lot of that is a heat island effect. And of course, if you've had a temperature measuring station that's been in the same place for 120 years and for 90 of those years it was in the middle of a field, and now it's in the parking lot of a strip mall, you're going to get higher temperatures. And so a certain amount could be artifact, but it would be good if there was a way of factoring it in because it might mean that while I have no doubt that we are going through global warming, it may not be quite as severe as the doomsday sayers say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1788.0,1857.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: The other coincidence of having this discussion on a day when the heat index is going to be over a hundred is the fact that I just heard just before we started that Lee Zeldin is getting rid of the rule that CO2 is a greenhouse gas or whatever, that was just announced this morning, because if you want to do fracking you got to, and ramp it up—and personally, I don't have an issue with that because we need the energy. And one of the things that is not talked about when it comes to wind and solar is that people talk about re-imagining things. One of the things you can't reimagine is physics and chemistry, and the physical chemical properties of wind and solar are such that they will never succeed. And it's not because the wind doesn't blow all the time or the sun isn't out all the time. We could probably overcome that. The problem is that you need a tremendous amount of sun and a tremendous amount of wind to get a tiny amount of electricity. They're very inefficient. In fact, about a year ago, somebody calculated that if we were to replace our entire grid with wind and solar, we'd have to cover a landmass the size of Canada with solar panels and windmills. So it—unfortunately something that I've observed and observed more frequently now through the COVID Pandemic, that the more experts that get involved in the mix, the worse things become.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=1857.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Now, my summers at when I was at Downstate doing my residency, I mentioned about the blackout of 1977. By the way, Ray Damadian did not win the Nobel Prize. He should have because the Nobel Prize is supposed to be given to the person who develops the basic science, and nobody disputes that fact. There are some who believe that he didn't get it because he happened to be a creationist believing that the Earth was only 5,000 years old and all of that. And nobody wanted to deal with somebody who believed that. But I thought there was a more compelling reason, which was that in 1998, a guy by the name of Robert Furchgott won the Nobel Prize. He was also at Downstate. He was one of my pharmacology professors. He did work on nitrous oxide. The practical outcome of his research is Viagra. Give a guy an erection, you'll get a Nobel Prize. So I think there was no way they were going to give two Nobel prizes in five years to a state university institution in Brooklyn. It just was not going to happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2004.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: In fact, I remember that a woman by the name of Evelyn Yalow [Rosalyn Sussman Yalow] won the Nobel Prize for the development of Radioimmunoassay, which is used to detect, to measure blood levels of drugs. And I think it's still used. She won that prize in the seventies, but she won it—it took too many darn years for her to get it. And it was not—of course, the feminists are going to yell because she was a woman. No, that's nonsense. Nobel prizes have been given to women with great regularity all the way throughout, I guess starting with Madame Curie. And it was because of where she did her work. It was at the Bronx VA [Veteran's Administration], which was affiliated with nothing and nobody, okay. Whatever happened at the Bronx VA? Nothing. And suddenly you have this fantastic breakthrough in terms of laboratory medicine. And so they dillied and dallied for several years, but they realized, no, she's gotta get it. This is too darn important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2111.0,2211.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: So that was in 77. Now, in 76 during the bicentennial, almost everybody is familiar with the Legionnaires outbreak that occurred in Philadelphia. And less people are aware that in 1978, a Legionnaires breakout, outbreak, occurred in New York City in the Garment district, mainly right outside of Macy's department store. And it just so happened that I was the senior resident of the pulmonary ward at Kings County where we had the two index cases. Those two brothers, they decided to go to Kings County because a cousin of theirs had gone to Brooklyn Hospital, and he died in about two or three days. So when they started getting sick, they said, well, we're not going to Brooklyn Hospital. And they came to Kings County Hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2211.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And some resident in the emergency room, somehow, he must have been reading, he must have read about the Legionnaires of 76 the day before because he got it in his head that maybe this was Legionnaires. And at that time, the treatment was erythromycin. Now they use what they call Zithromax. Everybody's familiar with zithromycin. Zithromycin is the more expensive version of erythromycin. Nobody uses erythromycin anymore because it only costs about a penny for three pills. So of course, there's no money to be made. So these guys were put on erythromycin, which was the treatment instead of all these other fancy antibiotics that were being used that did nothing, and some of the people died, and they got better. These two brothers were in their twenties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2282.0,2360.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: So of course we had the CDC and the New York City Health Department and the New York State Department of Health. We had all these people coming around. And then of course, all the reporters from the local news channels were coming around. You had these [laughs] blonde haired, blue eyed people coming in and claiming they were cousins of these two black gentlemen. It was actually, it was quite amusing. And now today, in terms of, well, before I get to that, so we had a senior resident, no, a chief resident in pulmonary. And one of his favorite expressions was when you would tell him something, he would say, \"Where, Macy's?\"  And he was off on Labor Day weekend. And that's when we found out, we confirmed that it was Legionnaires, and we confirmed that it was coming from the water cooled air conditioning systems on the roof of Macy's department store. So I couldn't wait for him to come in on Tuesday. I was going to tell him, we finally figured out where it was coming from, and I knew what his answer was going to be. Sure enough, I said, yeah, we figured it out. He says \"Where, Macy's?\" I said, yep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2360.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Now, people who were born prior to the seventies may remember that when you walked down the canyons of Manhattan in the summer with the skyscrapers, you would feel a mist. That mist was the effluent from the water cooled air conditioning systems. And that's how the Legionnaires got to the street. By the way, it looks like there was a Legionnaires outbreak in Harlem today, was reported this morning. I mean, we know. So what was done was, to prevent that, it was regulations were put in place that the effluent from water cooled air conditioning systems had to be captured right then and there on the roof. And so now when you walk through the canyons, you don't detect that mist anymore. Me mentioning it, anybody who's less than 60 or 70 years old, \"What are you talking about?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2466.0,2552.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And so they'll probably find that this outbreak in Harlem that occurred, was reported this morning, probably was due to the fact that there was some kind of leak in the system and so the effluent from the air conditioning systems got into the airspace that people breathe. Now, when the CDC was a reputable organization—it hasn't been for a number of years, I won't get into that—what they would do is whenever they had an outbreak of something, they would collect blood samples and keep 'em on ice for decades. And so when we finally characterized the organism and all of that, they went back to a bunch of different outbreaks that they never were able to find a cause and to look for antibody for the Legionella organism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2552.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And so it turns out they were able to get back to the late 1920s, which is when water cooled air conditioning systems were developed. So this was an organism that probably mutated at the time when those systems were developed. There was a nursing home outbreak in 1934, I think, at a nursing home in Washington DC that wiped out a whole bunch of residents. They went back and it turned out that it was Legionnaires' disease. Then in 1968 or 69, there was a government building in Pontiac, Michigan where you had over a thousand employees working there, and virtually all of them got sick, and it was known as Pontiac Fever for many years. Now, the story that I had heard about it was that the day before, the employees of that building were threatening to do a sickout.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2633.0,2726.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And they were told that if you do a sickout, we're going to fire you. And the next day, the Legionnaires, and almost everybody was absent. But in subsequent years, I was able to get in touch with people who were involved in the outbreak that I was involved with and nobody can recall that story. So somebody made that up, I guess. And in fact, Downstate has had a school of public health, I think only for about a dozen years. And the first director of that School of Public health [SUNY Downstate Health Sciences] was Pascal Imperato, who was one of the speakers of the Grand Rounds that I presented that was written up as a paper back in 1979. And he had been, I think he had been the head of the New York City Department of Health prior to that. And he may still be the emeritus chair of the School of Public Health at [SUNY] Downstate to this day, which means he's probably about 90 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2726.0,2822.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: But I was in contact with him within the last six years, and I presented to him the Pontiac Fever story, and he then knew some colleagues who had done work at the time, and he ran it by them. And so it turns out it was as made up as the story of the first human MRI scan causing the blackout. So it was plausible but not true. That was in Labor Day weekend of 78, and that was also the summer where during the West Indian Day parade that Mayor Koch, who was in his first year as mayor, attended and about a half hour after he was told to leave, the guns came out and a whole bunch of young girls who were probably in a beauty contest were murdered. And they were all brought to Kings County Hospital, and I was in the emergency room at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2822.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: It's funny, I was reminded of that event when early during the COVID Pandemic, they had talked about the fact that some of the people who were very sick and put on ventilators, they had to do what was called open cardiac massage. Now, the people who are not familiar with that term, standard CPR is actually called closed cardiac massage. That's the other term for it. In open cardiac massage, you actually cut open the chest so that you could put your hand into the person's chest, grab their heart and try to pump life back into them. And I was called upon to do that during that incident because they'd brought in six or eight young women, had all been shot in the chest, and they were all being given CPR by the ambulances as they were brought in. And then we brought the thoracic surgeons down so that we could do open cardiac massage. Nobody survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=2923.0,3013.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And in the years since I have tried to find out information about that event, and I can't. Kings County Hospital records just didn't—I waited too long. The records were gone, maybe at the police precinct, and I'm not sure if it would be the police precinct on Eastern Parkway where the West Indian Day parade is held or the police precinct covering Kings County Hospital, which is where these young women were pronounced dead. But that does haunt me a little bit because at this point, I may be the only person on earth that knows who these people are, but I don't know their names.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3013.0,3073.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: I don't know anything. And it would be good to try, and maybe someone will hear this that is familiar with that era. I did work one time with a young woman who was a contestant, a beauty contestant in the West Indian Day parade, but that would've been in the 2000's. And I tried to contact her, but I was not successful. So that was that. So that's as far as I've been able to get with that. Now, the seventies was an interesting decade, even though nobody talked about global warming. From 1971 to 74, I drove yellow cab during the summer. If you didn't have connections to get a job, that was a good job. Nowadays, if you want to drive a cab, I think you have to pay the cab company a certain fee for every day that you drive. Well, I never would've been able to do that. The way it was done then was you got 43% of the meter plus tips, and they had just raised the cab fare substantially right at the time that I started. And so the union members were not very happy because cab ridership dropped significantly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3073.0,3192.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And so I was working summers and the New York City air in the early seventies was really polluted. In fact, I remember, well, one of the things I remembered was that if you were on the Brooklyn Queens Expressway in downtown Brooklyn where you can look across to see the Manhattan skyline, at night all you saw were a few flickering lights. That's all you could ever see. Now, of course you can see the whole skyline perfectly at night as long as they have their lights on, and I guess that was smog that just blocked your vision. I would have people who would get in my cab for me to drive them to Central Park, and they would immediately get out of the cab and run into the park. It was [as] if they held their breath for the entire length of the ride until they can get to Central Park.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3192.0,3264.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: I remember the few flies that were around. If they landed on you, you could swat them and kill them in slow motion. And of course, it would leave a grayish mark of the smog on your arm. Now, the cabs in those days, they were not air conditioned. The seats were Naugahyde, which was a type of vinyl. And so all cab drivers would drive with their left arm out the window. So you could tell a cabbie by the fact that they had a left arm that was tanned [unclear] and a right arm that looked funereal, and it was so light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3264.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: But I still remember there was one day in 1970, and I still think it was in 1973, that it was in July, and it was on a Saturday. And I remember on the radio hearing that it was the only day in the history of measurement of temperature in New York City where for a 24 hour period, the temperature never got below 90. And on that day, the low for the day was 90, and the high for the day was something like 103, but I can't find it. The best I've seen is that on a half a dozen occasions, the highest low temperature ever recorded in New York City was 84, and that's happened about a half a dozen times. It's been 83 a few times. But I know what I heard, and I remember I was driving [a] cab that day, and what would happen was I actually made a lot of money for the time, but I don't remember any of the trips being longer than about a block and a half. But what happened is the people couldn't walk more than a block.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3330.0,3424.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: So they'd see me, they'd get in the cab, they'd sit on the Naugahyde seats, which were probably about 140 degrees, and after about a block and a half, they couldn't stand it anymore, and they would get out. And of course, there's the initial cab fare. So you went a block and a half, and it was the same cab fare as it would've been if you'd gone a mile. And of course, then there would be the next person would be waiting right there. And so I kept doing that. Finally, I got a cab, a cab fare to Kennedy Airport, and I still remember driving back. Hardly anybody was on the street. I remember driving back to Manhattan. I was doing a hundred miles an hour on the Belt Parkway in order to try and keep cool. It didn't help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3424.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: It was walking into a laundromat and being thrown in the back room and locking the door. But it's amazing that the documentation, I can't find it, but I have on occasion seen things that I remember that I know as a fact, and you Google it, you can't find it. So they're pretty good, but they're not perfect. And yeah, I did want to get back to the Legionnaires thing for a moment because today, in order to measure someone's lung function, they have these handheld spirometers that you breathe into and it tells you what your lung function is. Back then, we had, you had a pulmonary lab where you had this bath with a giant bellows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3496.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: That's what you used to do lung function. So of course, nobody did it. I don't think I ever saw the lab opened. It was a door. You'd look through the window, you'd see the bellows and the bath, but I never saw anybody there. So in terms of making a decision as to when these two brothers could go home, we did not have the kind of measuring instruments that you might need. But so you had to engage in what was true clinical medicine. So I remember one night, they'd been in the hospital about a week, they were doing real well, and at midnight—I was on call that night, and my two residents who had worked with me with those patients were on call also. So we made one last go round to see all the patients at midnight, and we found the two guys were in the staircase smoking joints and making out with their girlfriends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3578.0,3667.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: So I turned to my residents and I said, well, they don't look short of breath to me. What do you think? And they agreed, and we sent them home the next morning. So real clinical medicine. People don't realize how recent some of the developments in medicine, laboratory medicine and that kind of thing are. Now, I saw—Dr. Fauci brags about the fact that he saw HIV back in 1981, which was early. I saw it in September of 1977, another summer. Of course, we didn't know it until eight years later. But once we found out what HIV was, all of us had memories of certain cases that were very strange, and we had no doubt that those were HIV cases. During that era, you didn't have angioplasty for coronary disease. You did coronary bypass surgery. Coronary bypass surgery generally required about 11 or 12 units of blood to be transfused.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3667.0,3779.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: We had no way of testing for HIV. We had no way of testing for [hepatitis C]. In fact, in those days, [hepatitis C] was not called [hepatitis C]. It was called non A, non B hepatitis because we knew it wasn't A, we knew it wasn't B, but we weren't sure whether it was a single virus or not. A tremendous number of people who had coronary bypass surgery developed [hepatitis C] and died of liver failure. And some of them got HIV as well, the most famous being Arthur Ashe, tennis player. He had coronary bypass surgery and got HIV from the transfusions, probably had [hepatitis C] as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3779.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: But in those days, we had no treatments for it. But again, another hot summer. That was again in 77. So that was two months, less than two months after the blackout. That was in September of 77. In Labor Day weekend of 79, the residents that were under me had admitted a woman who was a food handler in the Kings County Hospital cafeteria who came in with severe diarrhea and 104 fever and had a history of hyperthyroidism. So they thought she might be having thyroid storm. Well, I took one look at the woman. The woman weighed about 275 pounds. Usually someone who's had hyperthyroidism, they're skinny, skinny, skinny, because your whole metabolism is running at warp speed. So I said, no, I don't think so. So I said, did you do a stool culture? He said, no. I said, get one. Well, turned out she had salmonella, and the next day, 400 house staff at Kings County Hospital came down with salmonella.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3840.0,3962.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: I was one of a handful that did not get sick, and the reason is I wouldn't be caught dead eating in the Kings County Hospital cafeteria. I always ate [at] the pizza place across the street that's still there under different ownership. But there was a lot of these things that happened on Labor Day weekend. So I've determined that it's perfectly safe to be me on Labor Day weekend, but you may not want to be around me on Labor Day weekend, could be hazardous to your health. So those, I would say, are the most outstanding summer related things. And I've kind of referred to myself as the Forrest Gump of medicine. Nobody knows me from a hole in the ground, but I've been around some of the key things that have occurred in healthcare over the past 50 years. And by the way, I was also at the Woodstock festival, but I only got 11 miles away. I would've had to hike in. So I sold my tickets and I went home, but I was the official ticket buyer for the Fillmore East.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=3962.0,4067.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And from February of 69 till March of 1970, I went to 19 concerts at the Fillmore East. 18 late shows and one early show. I was one of maybe three people who went to a late show that wasn't stoned, and that's why I remember it, and saw some great groups, and the best seats were $5. It was an old movie theater. I think it's now a bank. It became a Levi's store, and then I think now it's a bank, Second Avenue and Sixth Street, right near Alphabet City. In those days, it was all bombed out buildings and drug addicts used as shooting galleries. I think NYU now owns a lot of that property, and they put up dorms in that area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4067.0,4148.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: So a lot of those concerts were in the summer. The, let's see, in the summer of 68, the Louis Armstrong Tennis Stadium I think was where the Singer Bowl from the old World's Fair was located. That was the site, and after the World's Fair, they would have concerts there. I saw, I think the Young Rascals would come there, and I saw them I think a couple of times. But in 1968, they held two concerts, and I happened to go to one of them. I think I paid $3 for the ticket. It was an outdoor arena in the round, and it was to see, again, I wasn't stoned, so I remember it. It was a group called the Soft Machine, which I think was a British group that is still around. The second group was the Chambers Brothers, who had just come out with the song \"Time Has Come Today\", which I think Fidelity used that in their commercials some years back. Every once in a while that song revives itself. The third group was Janice Joplin with Big Brother and the Holding Company, and the fourth group was the Jimi Hendrix Experience. So if you got to be on a heat island, that's not a bad way to spend an evening on a heat island.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4148.0,4271.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: They had another one a couple of weeks later that—it was The Doors, included The Doors and Canned Heat and that kind of thing. The other thing they had in 69—and I remember that summer was a hot summer as well. It was certainly hot politically, but I think the two tend to go together. And at the New York State Pavilion, they would have at the ground level, so it was outdoors, but it was partially covered, and they had a series of concerts. And I remember going to the first one, which was held in late June or early July of that summer. Again, it's like three bucks, and it was—the main group was Joe Cocker and the Grease Band, and the second group was the Grateful Dead, and there was very little advertising, so there weren't too many people there. So the Grateful Dead came out first, played for about two hours, which for them is about a warmup. Then Joe Cocker and the Grease Band comes out, does every song that they have, and they're out there for about two hours. It's now close to midnight, almost everybody is gone. Maybe there are a hundred people left and the [Grateful] Dead come out and play 'till dawn. And I remember walking home from—because I lived in Kew Gardens Hills, I was two miles, so at five in the morning walked home. And so I guess some of the good memories from the heat. And so, don't know where else you want to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4271.0,4429.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: No, that's fantastic. And that's probably the most thorough accounting of summer experiences indexed with date and very specific memories. I'm just so impressed by your memory of all this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4429.0,4443.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Imagine what I'll know when I go senile. I was Bar Mitzvahed in 1964, and I can still recite a couple of verses of my Bar Mitzvah portion in Hebrew from memory. So I've told everyone that knows me that if I ever start reciting the whole thing, you know I've gone senile, get out the net. So that's how that goes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4443.0,4479.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: That's really, no, I want to thank you for your time here. I mean, usually I would have follow-up questions throughout the conversation just to keep it, to continue to bring up memories. But so much of what you shared here today is just so complete. There are a couple of questions I wanted to ask and just brief because you've been really generous with your time, and I don't want to take too much of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4479.0,4505.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: That's the advantage of being retired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4505.0,4508.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Yeah. Yes. The first one was back to the Legionnaires case, when you were working in Kings County Hospital in 78. I was just kind of curious, how did they trace the, I guess, the epicenter of the outbreak back to Macy's and the Garment District?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4508.0,4531.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Well, because there were over a hundred cases, and I think the overwhelming majority of them were on 33rd Street, so it wasn't that difficult. Which reminds me that only one employee of Macy's got sick, and that's because that person would eat the Sabrett hot dogs on 33rd Street for lunch every day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4531.0,4565.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: They go outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4565.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: That's how that person was out there and got sick. I think there were about 10 deaths. And remember, garment center workers, these are young people. So the Legionnaires, the death rate in Philadelphia, the death rate was significantly greater because you had mainly senior citizens there. That hotel, by the way, that hotel in Philadelphia, the Bellevue Stratford.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4566.0,4603.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: It closed down for about 20 years. Now, that hotel is probably on the El Primo address of downtown Philadelphia. There is no better address than where the Bellevue Stratford was. Which now reminds me, in around 2003 or four when I was working, at this point I was doing clinical research in a place in Brooklyn, and I was sent to Philadelphia to take a two day course for researchers, and it was at a hotel in downtown Philadelphia. And one of the days we go out for lunch and there's a food court in a hotel. It's partially out, it's almost like outdoors. It's at the ground level, but it was like a Hilton or a Crabtree or one of those pretty fancy places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4603.0,4694.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: And I suddenly see a plaque on the wall \"Site of the former Bellevue Stratford Hotel\". Now, I was with a bunch of people who were all about half my age. Let's see, in 2003, I was 52. Most of the people were about half my age. I said, \"Do you know what this is?\" Nobody knew. I said, this is where the Legionnaires outbreak occurred in 1976. And so actually for 1976 at the bicentennial on July 4th, I was on the West side. They shut down the West Side Highway so people could sit there and watch the tall ships. And the most spectacular part of that was the Italian ship, the Amerigo Vespucci, instead of sails, it was sailors dressed in white, hundreds of them on the masts. They were so packed against each other that it looked like, it was like the human sail. So yeah, that was fantastic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4694.0,4790.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Yeah, that's amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4790.0,4791.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: That was a hot day. That was a 90 plus day as well. That was '76. That was the summer between my third and fourth year of medical school. And I do remember now that we did have a couple of days that summer where I think it got over a hundred degrees, and a friend of mine had a girlfriend who lived in Sea Gate in Brooklyn, right by Coney Island. So we went to the beach. The water must've been 90 degrees, so you went in the water and it didn't help. The game of association here, we can end up going for weeks. Right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4791.0,4856.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Oh, yeah. I know. I just wanted to ask one more question just to kind of really take it back to, I guess, your childhood in Kew Gardens, Kew Gardens Hills. You were talking about growing up in the fifties, being perhaps an early family to have air conditioning in their apartment, or maybe even the only family in the area. I wonder if you could reflect—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4856.0,4879.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Well, we weren't the only, but I would say that maybe 20%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4879.0,4886.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Okay. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4886.0,4888.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: It might've been less than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4888.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Yeah. And then, so your childhood summers, did you spend most of it indoors with air conditioning? Were you outdoors? Do you remember what the neighborhood—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4890.0,4902.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Well, I know from the movie film that I spent a lot of time riding my bicycle, and that was what I did. No, I was outdoors, and in fact, I think the only time I was indoors was for my birthday parties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4902.0,4926.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: That's great. Yeah. Well, I think if we have follow up questions and memories, we could even record another conversation once we end it here. If there's more that comes to mind, please do be in touch so we can keep the conversation going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4926.0,4945.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Yeah. More likely would probably come from questions that you might have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4945.0,4951.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Absolutely. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4951.0,4953.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Jog my memory. I think I've kind of downloaded as many gigabytes as I have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4953.0,4966.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Yeah, I took a bunch of notes, so I think I'll probably be able to ask some questions from my notes once I have a chance to process them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4966.0,4975.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: By the way, that chart that I have with the listing of the heat waves—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4975.0,4981.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Oh yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4981.0,4982.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: —I can email that to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4982.0,4984.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Oh, please do. Please do. Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4984.0,4987.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: But I think it only goes through, I think 2012.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4987.0,4991.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: I mean, that'd still be really [helpful].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4991.0,4992.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Well, I don't know whether there's been anything like that since then. I don't think so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4992.0,4997.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: I know that there was a study, and we might even be thinking about the same thing. There's a study that tracked the heat waves in New York City, I think from 1876 up to 2011 or something, roughly those dates, and I haven't seen anything more updated since then, at least not yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=4997.0,5017.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Let's see. This chart goes from 1896 to 2013.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5017.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Oh, okay. Maybe that is the same one, and I just had my dates slightly wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5027.0,5030.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5030.0,5031.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Interesting. Yeah, please do send it if you get a chance. I'd love to take—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5031.0,5034.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Yeah, no problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5034.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Great. And then I will end our interview here, so I'll stop recording. Oh, wait. Let me just give you a chance to, if there's anything else that you would like to share, have the final word.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5036.0,5049.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STEVEN KRITZ: Think we've covered a lot. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5049.0,5051.0"},{"id":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746/transcript/94605/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DANIEL CUMMING: Yeah. Well, thank you so much for your time. I really appreciate it. Thank you for your memories. They're very thorough and I appreciate you willing to kind of revisit them with us. It's very useful. So I will end the recording here. Let's stop recording.\r\n\r\nTRANSCRIPTION END","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://queenslibrary.aviaryplatform.com/collections/21/collection_resources/173631/file/312746#t=5051.0,5069.12"}]}]}]}